The Pyramids of Giza are located on the Giza Plateau in the Giza Governorate on the west bank of the Nile. It was built around 25 centuries BC, between 2480 and 2550 BC. It includes three pyramids, Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure.
The pyramids are royal tombs, each bearing the name of the king who built it and was buried there, and the hierarchical construction here is a stage in the development of the tomb architecture in ancient Egypt.
It started with a small hole that turned into an underground room and then into several rooms topped by a terrace, and then evolved to take the form of the pyramid included by the engineer Imhotep the Minister of Pharaoh Zoser in the third family. This was followed by two attempts by King Snefru, the founder of the Fourth Dynasty, to build a complete hierarchical form. But the back of the two pyramids is not sound in shape. They are located in Dahshur, one flattened at the base and the other in a smaller shape, approximately half the size of the first.
The engineer, Himyono, the engineer of King Khufu was able to accomplish the ideal hierarchical form and constructed the pyramid of Khufu in Giza on an area of ​​13 acres, followed by Khafra and Menkaure.
Hierarchical form
As for the idea of ​​the pyramid specifically, their hierarchical form was associated with the idea of ​​the emergence of the universe, and they also believed, according to some of their writings and religious texts, that the pyramid and its method help the soul of the deceased to reach heaven with the idol Ra.
We can sometimes see the sun's rays between the clouds, which also take the form of a pyramid, and it was also among these many means that can help them ascend to the sky.
We also see the hierarchical form above the obelisks and some small tombs for individuals in southern Egypt, even when the kings of the modern state thought about building their tombs on the western mainland in the Valley of the Kings and clicked them into the interior of the mountain to protect them from theft. They did not abandon the hierarchical form that was represented at the top of the mountain Same and naturally.
Building the pyramid
It took almost twenty years to build the Great Pyramid and to build the corridors and the lower parts of the pyramid ten years, according to Herodotus, the Greek historian who visited Egypt in the fourth century BC after more than 2000 years of building the pyramid and heard these accounts and other priests and The narrators.
The stones that were used to build the Great Pyramid were cut from the area surrounding the pyramid, the outer covering stones from the Jebel Tora area, and the granite stones used in the internal rooms from Aswan quarries and they were brought in by the Nile River, which was reaching the pyramid area at that time.
The stones were cut and separated from each other by making openings at close distances in the piece of stone to be cut, then some wooden pegs were hammered in it and the roads on them were put with water on them, and the more the wood was drunk with water, the greater the size of the stone and as the roads continued to separate from each other Then it is polished and polished using a stronger stone type like granite or diorite.
The ancient Egyptians used a sandy road to build the pyramids, where the pieces of stones are placed on wooden sleds underneath, round palm trunks that work like wheels and skis are pulled with ropes and oxen with water sprayed on the sand to facilitate the process of clouds, and as the height increases, they increase in the sand to the top of the pyramid, then the pyramid is clad with stone Smooth limestone from top to bottom and gradually remove sand.
The Great Pyramid weighs six million and five hundred thousand tons, and is made up of stones each weighing approximately twelve tons, and these stones are tightly paved and tuned to the extent of half a millimeter.
But the matter is much greater than that, because the pyramid is one of the biggest puzzles facing humanity since the beginning of civilization. Many have claimed that it is just a luxurious cemetery of King Khufu, but scholars of the present times believe that this view is ridiculous, since the Great Pyramid was built for a higher and much greater purpose.
Some interesting facts about the pyramids
Evidence for this is the amazing facts of this great edifice that Charles Smith collected in the famous book (Our Heritage at the Great Pyramid) in 1864 AD, the height of the pyramid multiplied by a billion equals 14967000 km which is the distance between the Earth and the sun, and the orbit that passes at the center of the pyramid is divided The continents of the world into two halves are completely equal, and that the base of the pyramid divided by twice its height gives us the famous number constant circle (3.14) contained in the calculators known to us.
And that the four pillars of the pyramid are heading to the four original directions in amazing accuracy, so that some scientists have once pointed to the existence of a slight deviation angle from the original sides, but after the discovery of modern electronic devices for measurement it was established that the angles of the pyramid are the most correct and accurate. One of the most impressive things about creating these pyramids is how precisely the construction of the internal corridors, waiting rooms and the king's burial chamber.
As for the pyramid of the famous Qawre of Menkaure, scientists have noticed that it contains a small circular gap that does not exceed 20 cm in diameter.
Archaeologists were able to know the secret of the existence of this gap after a very careful observation, as it turned out that the sunlight enters through that gap only one day per year to the Tomb of the Pharaoh from Kaura completely, and it is surprising that this day coincides with the birthday of the Pharaoh.
The Great Pyramid or Khufu Pyramid
It is the most controversial and imaginative effects of the world, and the only one of the seven remaining wonders of the world so far, many around him promoted many myths and narratives, so some rumored that the inhabitants of the lost Atlantis continent were the builders of the pyramids, and others assumed that the giants from the underground went up to build this pyramid.
Others have claimed that the pyramid was built by magic, or that aliens came down from space and built it, and many accounts indicate how exciting and mysterious this huge architectural construction is. The pyramid of Khufu was built around 2560 BC.

The construction of the pyramid of King Khufu is considered a major civilization move in the history of ancient Egypt. After his death, Khufu, the god Horus, became the ruler on the ground, and it became necessary for him to think about building his tomb, which is the first national project in ancient Egypt, which was co-built by professional workers from all over Egypt.
The largest pyramid, with its original height of 148 meters, remained the tallest human-completed building on Earth over a period of 3,800 years, the largest building ever built by man.
Khafre's Pyramid
It is one of the pyramids of Giza in Egypt. Built by King Khafra, the fourth king of the Fourth Dynasty, the son of King Khufu. He married Princess Ankh berths. Rule twenty-six years. The second pyramid was built from the pyramids of Giza, and it is lower than the pyramid of its father (Khufu). It was 143 meters high and now 136 meters.
It was constructed over an area of ​​215 square meters, and has two entrances on the northern side. And still retains a portion of its outer covering at the top. Within his hierarchical group, statues of schist were found in the private valley temple G, among which is a statue of the most beautiful Egyptian sculptures, which is found in the Egyptian Museum, and is attributed to him carving the rock of the Sphinx.
The pyramid of Khafra is located southwest of the pyramid of its father Khufu. Its height is 143.5 meters, the length of each side is 215.5 meters, and its incline angle is 53.10 °. It is located on the ground level, and the entrance leads to a descending corridor, its roof is granite and its slope angle is 22 °.
It ends at a parapet that leads to a horizontal corridor, then a sloping corridor leads to a compartment called the burial chamber error which is empty carved in the rock, and the vestibule leads to another parapet that rises to the top with a horizontal corridor that ends with the burial chamber, and this chamber its roof is a truss roof constructed of limestone, and is almost mid Pyramid, Khafre called his pyramid (the Great).
The pyramid of Menkaure
It is one of the pyramids of Giza in Egypt. Built by Pharaoh Menkaure, the son of King Khafra. Each side is 108.5 meters long and 65.5 meters high, and now 62 meters after its outer covering fell.
Its inclination angle is 51 ° 20′25 ″, and its entrance is to the north. The entrance rises about 4 meters above the ground, and leads to a 31-meter long corridor. And the angle of its slope is simple about 17 degrees.
It was built of limestone, but Menkaure chose to build the lower part of it from granite that was brought from Aswan through the Nile River. The granite coverage is about 17 meters high. The rest of the coverage was done with white stones, to a height of 5 and 65 meters.
At the end of the oblique corridor there is a vestibule lined with stone, leading to a horizontal corridor with 3 barricades and then the burial chamber. A wooden sarcophagus bearing the name of Menkaure with its mummy was found on it. Menkaure mummy is now preserved in the British Museum. Menkaure called his pyramid "the sacred".
To the south of the Pyramid of Menkaure, there are three pyramids designated for queens, which extend to the east-west of the first pyramid, belonging to the queen Kh, passed by Nabti the second, the wife of King Menkaure.
sphinx
A statue of a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human being carved out of limestone, it is likely that it was originally covered with a layer of plaster and colored, and traces of the original colors are still visible next to one of his ears.
It is located on the Giza Plateau on the West Bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt, and the Sphinx is also a guard of the Plateau. It is the oldest known huge sculptures, its length is about 73.5 meters, including 15 meters the length of its front legs, and its width 6 meters, and its highest height above the ground is about 20 meters to the top of the head.
It is believed that the ancient Egyptians built it during the reign of Pharaoh Khafra (2558-2532 BC), the builder of the second pyramid in Giza.
It is believed that the statue of the Sphinx was quarried before King Khafra thought of sculpting it in the form of a statue. This statue looks east, so the original sides have been changed in the last century to coincide with the view of the Sphinx.